A Paradox over Electric Vehicles, Mining of Lithium for Car Batteries
نویسندگان
چکیده
Lithium, a silver-white alkali metal, with significantly high energy density, has been exploited for making rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). They have become one of the main storage solutions in modern electric cars (EVs). Cobalt, nickel, and manganese are three other key components LiBs that power vehicles Neodymium dysprosium, two rare earth metals, used permanent magnet-based motors EVs. The operation EVs also requires amount electricity recharging their LiBs. Thus, CO2 emission is reduced during an EV if recharged generated from non-carbon sources such as hydroelectricity, solar energy, nuclear energy. pushed to limit because limited capacity charge/discharge cycles. Batteries account substantial portion size weight occupy entire chassis. future must be smaller more powerful extended driving ranges short charging times. range longevity feasible advances solid-state electrolytes robust electrode materials. Attention focused on high-cost, time-demand steps LiB manufacturing reduce cost turnover time. Solid strategies required promote deployment spent storage, grids, stationary usages. Recycling will alleviate demand virgin lithium 2.6 × 1011 tons seawater definite asset. Nonetheless, it remains unknown whether battery production technology recycling substantially metals beyond 2050. Technical challenges overcome sustain reducing emissions. However, potential environmental problems associated deserve further studies while promoting global deployment. Moreover, combined repurposing remanufacturing increases benefits equipped computers reliable software monitor optimize
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Energies
سال: 2022
ISSN: ['1996-1073']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217997